Answering "answering-islam.org"

Part 10 

TO EVERY MUSLIM AN ANSWER

by Joseph P. Gudel

 

Islam and Christianity are the two largest and most missionary-minded religions in the world. Their beliefs are very similar in many areas. They are both monotheistic, were founded by a specific individual in a definite, historically verifiable setting, are universal, and believe in the existence of angels, heaven and hell, a future resurrection, and that God has made Himself known to man via a revelation.

However, there also are many obvious differences between them, particularly in relation to the person of Jesus Christ, the way of salvation, and each faith's scripture or scriptures. These differences encompass the very foundational tenets of each religion, and therefore, while Islam and Christianity can both be false, they both cannot be true.

Comment:-

They could both be true and each could have been misunderstood.

JPG:-

Our task is to examine each religion's apologetic, or defense of their faith, to see if the claims of either religion are verifiable. Particular attention will be paid to the founder and the scripture or scriptures of each faith. The reason for this should be self-evident: it is very easy for someone to make claims regarding himself, proving them is an entirely different matter.

Comment:-

The writer is a Christian and sees things from that angle. So we already know that his conclusions will confirm his pre-suppositions.

JPG:-

ISLAMIC APOLOGETICS

Islam, like Christianity, believes that a person's faith must be reasonable as well as subjective, that we must worship God with our minds as well as our hearts. In sharing this common ground with Muslims let us then examine why they believe what they believe.

The Miracle of the Qur'an -The Islamic Claim

We must start our study of Islamic apologetics by examining their highest source of authority, the Qur'an. For Muslims, this is the pure word of God with no admixture of human thought or content Indeed, many Muslims have such an intense jealousy for the Qur'an that they keenly resent its being possessed by a non-Muslim.

The word "Qur'an" comes from "an Arabic word meaning 'reading' or 'that which is to be read.' Muslims affirm that the Qur'an was given to Muhammad in the Arabic language, piece by piece, over a span of 23 years until his death (Qur'an 43:3; 44:58; 17:106). Muslim apologetics for the Qur'an cover four main areas: its preservation, eloquence, alleged prophecies, and compatibility with modern science.

1. Preservation of the Qur'an

Concerning the present authenticity of the Qur'an, Maulvi Muhammad Ali makes the following grandiose statement:

"As regards the authenticity of the Holy Qur'an, I need not detain the reader very long. From one end of the world to the other, from China in the Far East to Morocco and Algeria in the Far West, from the scattered islands of the Pacific Ocean to the great desert of Africa, the Qur'an is one, and no copy differing in even a diacritical point is met with in the possession of one among the four hundred millions of Muslims.2 There are, and always have been, contending sects, but the same Qur'an is in the possession of one and all...A manuscript with the slightest variation in the text is unknown."

Thus Muslims not only believe that the Qur'an is God's word in toto, they also are confident that no error, alteration, or variation has touched it since its inception. This, then, is one of their "proofs" that the Qur'an is a "miracle" from God.

2. Eloquence of the Qur'an

A second claim made to prove the supernatural origin of the Qur'an, found in surah (chapter) 17:88, is that its beauty and eloquence is self-sufficient proof that the author is God:

"Say: If the whole of mankind and Jinns were to gather together to produce the like of this Qur'an, they could not produce the like thereof, even if they backed up each other with help and support."

However, Muslims do not believe that the Qur'an is a miracle solely because of its eloquence and beauty, but also because in surah 7:157 Muhammad is referred to as "The unlettered Prophet." Believing that he was illiterate, they ask how such a man could produce the Qur'an.

A final claim concerning the Qur'an's literary achievement is that it is so consistent throughout that no human could have devised it. Suzanne Haneef asks "how the whole Qur'an could be so utterly consistent" if it did not originate from God.

3. Prophecies In the Qur'an

The Qur'an speaks prophetically very little, if indeed it does prophesy at all. Hence, few Muslim apologists use fulfilled prophecy as a proof for their faith. However, there is a series of verses in the Qur'an which promise that the Muslims will be victorious, both at home and abroad. Maulana Muhammad Ali discusses these prophecies at length in his work The Religion of Islam:

"…we find prophecy after prophecy announced in the surest and most certain terms to the effect that the great forces of opposition should be brought to naught…that Islam should spread to the farthest corners of the earth and that it should ultimately he triumphant over all religions of the world."

4. Science and the Qur'an

Finally, there is one recent work, written by a French surgeon named Maurice Bucaille, that attempts to vindicate the divine origin of the Qur'an by showing its supposedly remarkable affinity with modem science. After citing a number of examples, Dr. Bucaille concludes that

"…it is inconceivable for a human being living in the seventh century A.D. to have made statements in the Qur'an on a great variety of subjects that do not belong to his period and for them to be in keeping with what was to be known only centuries later. For me, there can be no human explanation to the Qur an."

The "Miracle" of the Qur'an - The Christian Response

1. Preservation of the Qur'an?

Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, in The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, tells us that at the time of Muhammad's death the surahs (or chapters) of the Qur'an had not yet been collated. This was accomplished during the Caliphate of Abu Bakr.

The second Caliph, Omar, "subsequently made a single volume (mushaf) that he preserved and gave on his death to his daughter Hafsa, the Prophet's widow." Finally, under the Caliphate of Uthman all copies of the Qur'an were ordered to be brought in and any that deviated from Uthman's text were burned.

We have no quarrel with the Islamic position that since the Recension of Uthman the Qur'an has remained intact. However, because of the destruction of all deviant copies no one can know with any certainty if the present Qur'an is exactly the same as what Muhammad gave them.

Islam teaches that the only reason Uthman had all the other collections of the Qur'an burned except his was that there were slight dialectical variations in the different texts. However, there is some evidence that tends to refute this. First of all, it is very significant that the Qurra, the Muslims who had memorized the entire Qur'an, were vehemently opposed to the Recension. And second, the Shi'ites, who are the second-largest Islamic sect in the world, claim that the Caliph Uthman intentionally eliminated many passages from the Qur'an which related to Ali and the succession of leadership which was to occur after Muhammad's death.

Comment:-

You get this history of the Quran from Islamic sources, the Hadith. This also tells us about its preservation. The Quran was memorized and written by many people. There was no great outcry against the version approved by Uthman. Though some people claimed that things were left out of it, there is nothing in the Quran that was not originally spoken by the Prophet. As the preservation of the Quran was promised by God in the Quran itself, then it must be presumed that it is exactly as it was meant to be.

JPG:-

2. Eloquence of the Qur'an?

Concerning the Quran's beauty, style, and eloquence, any unbiased reader would have to admit that this is certainly true of much of the Qur'an. However, eloquence itself is hardly a logical test for inspiration. If this were the criteria used to judge a work, then we would have to say that the authors of many of the great works of antiquity were inspired by God. Homer would have to have been a prophet for producing the magnificent Iliad and the Odyssey. In the English language Shakespeare is without a peer as a dramatist, but it would be ludicrous to say that because of this his tragedies were of divine origin. Likewise for the eloquence of the Qur'an.

Comment:-

The Quran was originally a recitation. This means that the way it is recited affects the meaning. We all know that there is a difference between reading a book and hearing a lecture. The speaker communicates not just with words but with intonation, expression and gesture. Whereas other pieces of literature and art also affect people emotionally and sometimes spiritually, the Quran can be regarded as an objective work in that it was designed to have psychological effects and that it compresses a wealth of meaning into the words which only manifest themselves slowly with meditation.

JPG:-

But what about the consistency of the Qur'an - can it be used to show that this Muslim scripture was inspired? To begin with, it can be shown that the Qur'an is not totally consistent, but rather has some major contradictions in it. Even if we granted the thesis that the Qur'an was totally consistent this still would not prove anything.

Comment:-

The contradictions exist in the interpretations of the reader. If the Quran says that there are no contradictions in it then the verses should be interpreted in a way to avoid contradiction. That is how it was written and that is how it must be read. Obviously the Prophet did not think there were contradictions.

JPG:-

This apologetic is likewise of little consequence, for the self-consistency of a writing does not prove that it is a divine revelation. Euclid's Geometry, for example, is not self-contradictory at any point, but no one claims that this work is therefore divinely inspired in some unique sense.

Comment:-

But if there were contradictions then it would not be from God. The Quran requires us to meditate on it, not to think superficially with a negative attitude. On the other hand one could say that Euclid was also inspired as was Einstein and others who achieve extra-ordinary things. There are different kinds and degrees of inspiration.

JPG:-

And finally, what about Muhammad's alleged illiteracy? First of all, there is a good deal of evidence against it. But even if we granted the fact that Muhammad could not read or write this still would not make the Qur'an miraculous. Why? Because all Muslims know that he had at least several amanuenses or scribes: and therefore, he could easily have composed the Qur'an in this fashion. This would not be unique, as there are precedents for this. One that most people will be familiar with concerns Homer. He was blind and thus, in all likelihood, could not write. Yet he was the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two greatest epics of the ancient world. In like fashion the question of whether or not Muhammad was illiterate really has no hearing on the case in question.

Comment:-

The word illiterate has been understood in too narrow a sense. The implication is that he was not very knowledgeable or intellectually sophisticated. A person who is ignorant, no matter how many scribes he has, cannot produce a complex and profound work. Homer could also be said to have been inspired.

These criticism signify nothing but the attitude of the critic. There are many criticisms of Jesus and of others also. On the other hand there are many who praise them.

JPG:-

3. Prophecies in the Qur'an?

Can we say that Islam's vast expansion, predicted by Muhammad, is a fulfillment of prophecy? If we think this through for just a moment, I believe we can easily answer no.

To begin with, a leader promising his troops or followers a victory is not the least bit unique. Every commander or general does this in order to inspire his army and build up their morale. If they are then victorious, he is vindicated; if they lose then we never hear of his promises because they, along with his movement, are forgotten.

Comment:-

So those who lose have made false prophecies, and those who win have made true ones.

JPG:-

Also, the Muslim had several important incentives to consider while fighting to further the cause of Islam. If he died, he was promised to be allowed into paradise. If he lived and they were victorious in battle, the Muslim soldiers would divide up four-fifths of all the booty.

Comment:-

Is this really the cause of their victory? Most other armies in the past had the same kind of incentives. In fact, the Quran teaches, as does history, that the greed for booty often caused defeat.

JPG:-

There is another reason why Islam initially expanded so rapidly. If we look at some of the Qur'anic injunctions about what the non-believers could expect at the hands of the Muslims, it is easy to understand why so many "submitted," as found in surah 5:36:14:- "The punishment of those who wage war against God and his Apostle, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land."

The polytheists had two choices, submit or die. The Christians and the Jews had a third alternative, paying heavy tribute (Qur'an 9:5, 29).

Comment:-

Modern Wars also provide the same choices - submit or die. And the defeated enemy has to pay compensations.

The conditions of life were certainly harsh in those days. Could Islam have survived and expanded if it had been too soft? Why then did people not fear Islam, desert it or unite against it? And why did they seek the protection of Islam against others?

JPG:-

A final point to be considered is that if the fast and far reaching growth of a movement indicated divine favor, then what about such conquerors as Genghis Khan? He consolidated the Mongol tribes and in a time span shorter than early Islam's conquered a much larger geographic area. Was his military success evidence that he was led of God? And what of Islam's own growth which was stopped in the West by Charles Martel A.D. 732) and in the East by Leo III (A.D. 740)? Does this mean that they lost favor with Allah? What of the later history of many Islamic countries who suffered the indignity of becoming colonies of the then world powers? No, we can find nothing mysterious or supernatural about Islam's amazing early growth or subsequent fall.

Comment:-

The same objection can be raised against the successful expansion of Christianity. The fact is that Genghis Khan's empire exists no more but Islam still hold sway over millions of people. Indeed the Mongols who nearly destroyed Islam, themselves converted to Islam.

Was Genghis Khan a teacher who brought a new attitude, mode of perception, thinking and way of life?

The fact that the expansion of Islam was stopped may well have been because the Muslims abandoned Islam and degenerated. Both the expansion and its stopping no doubt were according to the purposes of God. The critic should read the Old Testament and follow the up and down fortunes of the Israelites if he wants to understand things instead of making biased remarks.

JPG:-

4. Science and the Qur'an?

A very recent Islamic polemic. The Bible, the Qur'an and Science by Dr. Maurice Bucaille, attempts to demonstrate that the Qur'an must have been divinely inspired because it allegedly states many things that were unknown in the seventh century and have subsequently become known only in our twentieth century.

In answering Dr. Bucaille it must first be pointed out that the bulk of the book does not deal with the Qur'an and science. Rather, most of it is an attempt (using the techniques of higher criticism) to disgrace the Bible. The portions of his book which do attempt to show that the Qur'an is in amazing agreement with twentieth-century scientific knowledge are very vague.

However, what if we were to grant his thesis that the statements in the Qur'an are in total agreement with modern science? Dr. Bucaille states that if this were true, then "it is unthinkable that a man of Muhammad's time could have been the author of them." I agree with his conclusion, assuming his thesis is true. If the Qur'an has detailed scientific statements which we have only recently discovered to be true, and yet it was written in the seventh century AD, then it could not have been merely the product of Muhammad. But this does not identify the source of the information, it only shows that no human being could have written it without superhuman help.

Comment:-

The Quran is not a textbook on science and was written in a pre-scientific language. But it has to be interpreted in modern ways of thinking. There are certainly a number of Truths in the Quran which were unknown before, but could not be understood then in the way thy can be understood today. But we have to differentiate between the Truth and its interpretation by man under the conditions in which he lives. If these interpretations are useful in facilitating understanding and development then that is exactly what the purpose of the Quran is. The fact that others do not have the same positive attitude or insight is no reason whatever for rejecting or maligning it.

JPG:-

If indeed the Qur'an had a supernatural origin, then we are still left with the task of finding out who its source was. Dr. Bucaille assumes that it must be God, but why? If we pause and think for just a moment, we realize that there are other supernatural beings besides God. One of these beings is referred to as Satan in the Bible, as well as in the Qur'an. The Bible tells us that he has been on the earth as long as man has, that he has powers and intelligence far superior to ours, and that be is "the father of lies" (John 8:44). To whisper some scientific facts into someone's ear would be no great feat for him. As a matter of fact the Bible says that he does appear to men from time to time: "For even Satan disguises himself as an angel of light" (2 Cor. 11:14). It is interesting that this is exactly the initial fear that Muhammad had the first time he heard the voice speak to him.

Comment:-

As the Quran tells us to worship God and avoid Satan, then one can answer this bigotry by the words of Jesus:- "But he (Jesus), knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and a house divided against a house falls. If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand because ye say that I cast out devils through Beelzebub?" Luke 11:17-18

It seems much more likely that Satan would mutilate the concept of the unity of God in a subtle, insidious manner acceptable to certain kinds of people. How do we know that this critic is not an agent of Satan? Is he not attacking a Book that teaches us to serve God?

JPG:-

5. Sources of the Qur'an

In concluding this section on the Qur'an the reader may be interested to know that many of the stories or accounts found within the Qur'an are traceable to very similar (sometimes almost identical) stories found in pre-Islamic writings. I would direct the reader to Clair-Tisdall's classic The Sources of Islam, Rev. W. Goldsack's The Origins of the Qur'an, and Samuel M. Zwerner's Islam: A Challenge to Faith.

Comment:-

Is this not so about the Bible also? Indeed, the teachings of Jesus can be found in the Old Testament and other Jewish literature. The entire argument against Islam so far can also be directed against Christianity.

JPG:-

Is Muhammad Prophesied in the Bible?

Virtually every religion that began after Christianity attempts to show that it is compatible with the Bible. They also endeavor, usually quite laboriously, to show that their founder or faith is referred to in the Bible.17 Thus it comes as no surprise to find that Muslims also claim that their founder was prophesied in both the Old and New Testaments.

Comment:-

Ever since the beginning of Christianity its followers have endeavored to prove that Jesus was Prophecied in the Old Testament and his teachings were also compatible with it. Indeed, religion is a universal phenomena distinct from other human pursuits and they all have something in common which could be used to corroborate each other. The Quran, in fact, tells us so.

JPG:-

Our question still needs to be answered: Although Islam is not unique in claiming to be verified by the Bible, might not its claims be nonetheless true? There are some minor, less detailed verses, which Muslims claim are "prophecies" related to Muhammad. However, the verses which most Muslims cite as the most explicative are Deuteronomy 18:15-18 and John 14:16; 15:26; and 16:7.

1. Deuteronomy 18:15-18. The Lord your God will raise up for you a Prophet like me from your midst, from your brethren. Him you shall hear. According to all you desired of the Lord your God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, "Let me not hear again the voice of the Lord my God, nor let me see this great fire anymore, lest I die." And the Lord said to me: "What they have spoken is good. I will raise up for them a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and will put My words in His mouth, and He shall speak to them all that I command Him."

This is universally held by Muslims as a prophesy pertaining to Muhammad. There are a number of reasons why they believe it cannot be referring Jesus.

First, the Promised Prophet was to be a Law giving Prophet.... Jesus laid no claim to giving a new law.... Secondly, the Promised Prophet was to be raised not from among Israel but from among their brethren and Jesus was an Israelite.... Thirdly, the prophecy was: "I will put my words in his mouth." But the gospels do not consist of words which God put in Jesus' mouth. They only tell us the story of Jesus and what he said in some of his public addresses and what his disciples said or did on different occasions. Fourthly, the Promised One was to be a Prophet, while the Christian view is that Jesus was not a Prophet, but the son of God.19

The Muslim will then point out the many ways in which Muhammad and Moses were alike. Each appeared among idolaters. They were both lawgivers who were initially rejected by their people and had to flee into exile, only to return later to lead their nations. They both married and had children, and were military leaders as well as spiritual leaders. After both of their deaths their successors conquered Palestine.

The Muslim conclusion is that this prophecy was fulfilled only by Muhammad: "If these words do not apply to Muhammad, they still remain unfulfilled."

Before we continue any farther, let us first analyze these points. The first objection raised against this prophecy having been fulfilled in Jesus was that Jesus was not a lawgiver. Muslims who claim this only show their own lack of understanding of the New Testament, as shown in John 13:34 and Galatians 6:2:

A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, even as I have loved you, that you also love another. Bear one another's burdens, and thus fulfill the law of Christ

Comment:-

Law refers to actions. This command refers to motives. It is possible to obey an instruction to action, but not to motives which depend on feelings. Motives can only be changed by means of a discipline, suitable social conditions and a way of life. These are created by a religious Law. But Christians abandoned the Hebrew Law and adopted Roman Law instead which was designed to control people by a State.

JPG:-

The next objection to this prophecy having been fulfilled in Jesus was that "brethren" must refer to the Ishmaelites, not to the Israelites themselves. This argument can easily be refuted by simply looking at how the term "brethren" is used in the Bible. One cogent example is found in Deuteronomy 17:15. Moses instructs the Israelites: "You shall surely set a king over you whom the Lord your God chooses; one from among your brethren you shall set as king over you; you may not set a foreigner over you, who is not your brother."

Now, did Israel ever appoint a foreigner as king over them? More specifically, was an Ishmaelite ever appointed king over Israel? Of course not. To choose a king "from among your brethren" refers to choosing someone from one of the 12 tribes of Israel. Likewise, the prophet spoken of in Deuteronomy 18 was to be an Israelite.

Another objection to Deuteronomy 18:15-18 being fulfilled in Jesus is that the Gospels allegedly do not consist of words that God gave Jesus, vitally important in light of verse 18. However, to say that Jesus did not speak what God the Father gave Him again betrays an abysmal ignorance of the New Testament: "For I have not spoken on My own authority; but the Father who sent Me gave Me a command, what I should say and what I should speak" (John 12:49)

The final objection raised against Jesus' fulfilling these verses is that Christians supposedly only view Jesus as the Son of God, not as a prophet. Once again we see that the Muslim too often has little familiarity with the New Testament. Jesus Himself, prophesying His impending death, said that He must continue His journey to Jerusalem "for it cannot be that a prophet should perish outside of Jerusalem" (Luke 13:33).

The Muslim will point out that I still have not explained the many similarities between Moses and Muhammad. It is true that they have many correspondences, but there are also many differences. For example, if Muhammad was illiterate as virtually all Muslims assert, then he was not like Moses who "was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (Acts 7:22). Muhammad is said to have received his revelations from the angel Gabriel, while Moses received the Law directly from God. Muhammad performed no signs or miracles to verify his calling, yet Moses performed many signs. Also, Muhammad was Arabic, while Moses was of Jewish origin.

If one were to peruse the Gospels, he would see that although Jesus was unlike Moses in some ways, in other ways He was very much like him. They were both Jewish, which is very important in light of what we have learned about the term "your brethren." They both left Egypt to minister to their people (Heb. 11:27; Matt 2:15). Both also forsook great riches in order to better identify with their people (Heb. 11:24-26; John 6:15; 2 Cor. 8:9).

So we see that both Jesus and Muhammad had similarities with Moses. In what special way then was this coming prophet to be "like unto Moses"? The answer is found in Deuteronomy 34:8-10 where two distinguishing characteristics of Moses are listed: But since then there has not arisen in Israel a prophet like Moses, whom the Lord knew face to face, In all the signs and wonders which the Lord sent him to do in the land of Egypt, before Pharaoh, before all his servants, and in all his land, and by all that mighty power and all the great terror which Moses performed in the sight of all Israel.

This is a direct reference to Deuteronomy 18:15-18. Notice that two specific things are mentioned about Moses here in referring back to the earlier prophecy. The first is that the Lord knew Moses "face to face. " Muhammad never had this type of relationship with God; indeed, in Islam God is so transcendent that except for the unique case of Moses He never spoke directly with men.

Jesus, "the Word made flesh" (John 1:14), is the only one who ever had a relationship with God like Moses had. In fact, Jesus' relationship far surpasses that of Moses: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (John 1:1).

The second characteristic feature of Moses, that he came with many "signs" and "wonders," hardly needs to be expounded on. The many miracles that both Moses and Jesus worked are well known. The Qur'an itself testifies that Muhammad worked no miracles.

And finally, Jesus Himself tells us who the prophet is that Deuteronomy 18:15-18 is prophesying: "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me, for he wrote about Me" (John 5:46).

Comment:-

The Quran tells us that the mission of Muhammad is mentioned in the Old and New Testaments (7:157). Muslims believe the Quran exactly in the same way as Christians believe their scripture. Christians believe that Jesus was forecast by Moses, though the Jews do not. But the details of this are not found in the scriptures but proposed by fallible human beings. It is a question of interpretation. Certainly, there are differences and similarities between the Prophets and their missions came at different times and conditions. But what distinguishes a Prophet is that he "speaks as he hears from God" and obeys.

The way to look at this is as follows:- The Prophecies predict that a Prophet will come with a Message from God. But they do not name him. If they had named him anyone with the same name could claim to be that Prophet. So we have to recognize the Prophet by the characteristics which describe him. Now, anyone who fits the description can be accepted as the Prophet. This applies to the Prophets in Israel such as Isaiah and to Jesus and to Muhammad as well. It depends on discernment. So the controversies mentioned above are pointless.

This critic also makes the mistake of telling us that "Muslims believe:..". There are millions of Muslims and he cannot possibly know what they all believe. They, like Christians, interpret their scripture and these interpretations vary.

JPG:-

2. Regarding John 14:16; 15:26; 16:7

Muslims claim that the verses speaking of the coming "Comforter" ("Paracletos" in the original Greek) are actually references to the coming of Muhammad. The reason for this is that in the Qur'an Jesus is made to say that after Himself an apostle would be sent, "Whose name shall be Ahmad" (Qur'an 61:6). The following is Yusuf Ali's commentary on this verse:

"Ahmad," or "Muhammad," the Praised One, is almost a translation of the Greek word Periclytos. In the present Gospel of John, xiv. 16, xv. 26, and xvi. 7, the word "Comforter" in the English version is for the Greek word "Paracletos," which means "Advocate," "one called to the help of another, a kind friend" rather than "Comforter." Our doctors contend that Paracletos is a corrupt reading for Periclytos, and that in their [sic] original saying of Jesus there was a prophecy of our holy Prophet Ahmad by name.

Thus Muslims believe that all of our Bibles have been corrupted and that the apostle John really used the word "Periclytos" in these verses, not the word "Paracletos."

In examining the Muslim claim that the text has been corrupted the textual critic would quite rightly look to the actual textual evidence. There are over 24,000 manuscript copies of portions of the New Testament which date from before A.D. 350. Not once in any of the manuscripts which contain these passages do we find the word "Periclytos" used. The word that we find used every time is "Paracletos." Thus, there is absolutely no textual evidence that would back up their contention that the text was corrupted.

Comment:-

Muhammad was known as the Truthful. Jesus speaks about the Spirit of Truth. As Truth comes through the Spirit, it is not unreasonable to recognize a relationship between the two. It is not necessary to take things that literally.

JPG:-

The Muslim position is even more lamentable when we carefully read these verses to see what Jesus was saying. There is a great deal which could be said about each verse; however, we will limit our review to the obvious discrepancies between the Islamic position and what is actually being said:- "And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Comforter, that He may abide with you forever" (John 14:16). First of all, Jesus said that the Father "will give you another Comforter." Who was Jesus addressing in these verses? The Arabs, or more specifically, the Ishmaelites? Of course not. He is speaking to Jewish believers. Hence the "Comforter" would be sent initially to them. This cannot be referring to Muhammad.

Second, this verse states that the "Paracletos," the "Comforter," would "abide with you forever." How can this apply to Muhammad? The Muslim prophet has been dead and buried for over 1,300 years.

"Even the Spirit of Truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but you know Him, for He dwells with you and will be in you" (John 14:17). Here "the Spirit of Truth" is used as another title or synonym for the "Paraclete." We see from this verse that the "Paraclete" would be "in you." Again, it is impossible to reconcile this statement with the Islamic position.

John 14:26 completely devastates the Muslim hypothesis that Muhammad was actually the one being prophesied in the verses dealing with the coming "Comforter" (or "Paraclete"): "But the Comforter, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all things that I said to you." Jesus said that the "Comforter" is "the Holy Spirit." This is the reason why all of the Muslim apologists stay away from this verse, only quoting the verses they like. Jesus commanded His disciples - in Acts 1:4-5 - not to "depart from Jerusalem," for they would "be baptized with the Holy Spirit not many days from now."

Do these verses really apply to Muhammad appearing 600 years later in Mecca? Only a person already biased and completely credulous could believe this. The fulfillment of Jesus' words occurred 10 days later on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4), not six centuries later, hundreds of miles from Jerusalem.

Comment:-

The considerations mentioned above with respect to Deuteronomy 18:18 also apply here. Jesus speaks about the coming of another person, after Jesus has gone, like himself, who will speak as he hears and guides people to all Truth, and who will affirm him. All this fits Muhammad (saw) very well.

Christians think that it applies to the Holy Ghost. But that is not a person like Jesus. The Holy Ghost was with Jesus all the time (Luke 3:22-23) since his mission began when he was 30 years old That is what made him symbolically into a "Son of God" (See John 1:12, Romans 8:14 and Psalms 82:6). The Holy Spirit did not need to be sent. How is it that it did not lead the disciples into all Truth while Jesus was present?

Christians think that the Prophecy was fulfilled at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-6) when the Spirit descended and caused the disciples to speak in tongues. But this, we are told in Acts 2:16-21 was really like what the Prophet Joel had prophesied about the Last Days when "The sun shall be turned into darkness and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come and it shall come to pass that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved." (Acts 2:20-21).

This does not exactly fit the Pentecostal event, even when we allow the idea that these people were taken possession of by a spirit person. . They were not the Last Days. But one could interpret the sun turning dark and the moon into blood in two ways:-

(a) It could refer to the fact that a huge volcanic eruption in the 5th century did cause darkness for a long time. This also caused great famines, social and political upheavals, and migrations of peoples. It also created the conditions for the arising and success of Islam.

(b) The description is symbolic and refers to the spiritual darkness at the end of one age before the spiritual revival brought by a Prophet. The sun could represent Religion and the moon could represent the organization of Priests or Church, which had become corrupt. Similar words are used by Jesus in Matthew 24:29 when he speaks about the Last Days and the times of trouble as prophesied by Daniel. And in the Book of Revelations 6:12, 8:12.

However, it is not necessary to deny that the Pentecostal event is also an example of the descent and guidance of the Spirit.

JPG:-

CHRISTIAN APOLOGETICS

In the remaining space it will be impossible to give more than an overview of the evidences for the Christian faith. The two areas we will examine are the evidences for the reliability of the Bible and the person of Jesus Christ.

The Reliability of the Bible.

For Muslims the Bible is virtually worthless as far as being an authentic revelation from God. They believe it has been totally corrupted and is, therefore, not trustworthy. However, if we examine the biblical documents, using the same thorough standards any historiographer would use, we discover that its reliability is unimpeachable.

Comment:-

Some Muslims might think so, but this is not the position of the Quran. The Torah and Injil are genuine but they refer to the revelations to Moses and Jesus, which the Quran accepts and confirms. The Old and New Testaments may contain these, but are third party records and commentaries on the doings and saying these Prophets. The corruption refers to the doctrines made up by people and falsely presented as revelations by God.

The Quran affirms and Muslims believe that the Quran contains all the true teachings from previous scriptures required for the new age, rectifies their misinterpretations, and supersedes the previous scriptures. They are, therefore, neutral towards the previous scriptures, neither believing nor disbelieving.

JPG:-

The New Testament documents, for example, have more manuscript authority than any 10 works of antiquity put together. As mentioned earlier, we have over 24,000 manuscript copies of portions of the New Testament dating from before A.D. 350. In comparison, the number two book in all of ancient history for manuscript authority is the Iliad with 643 manuscripts.

Dr. John Warwick Montgomery, dean of the Simon Greenleaf School of Law and a noted theologian, comments on this: "To be skeptical of the resultant text of the New Testament books is to allow all of classical antiquity to slip into obscurity, for no documents of the ancient period are as well attested bibliographically as the New Testament."

When we turn to the text of the New Testament itself we see that the writers of the New Testament books claimed that they were eyewitnesses, or close associates of eyewitnesses, of the events they narrated. We also have excellent external evidence confirming this. Papias, a disciple of the apostle John, confirms the fact that Mark did indeed write the Gospel which is ascribed to him, obtaining his information from the apostle Peter. Polycarp, another disciple of the apostle John, taught his own disciple Irenaeus that the men to whom the four Gospels are ascribed were in truth their real authors.

In addition to these evidences we can also add the findings of modern archaeology. Time after time archaeology has vindicated biblical accounts which had previously been ridiculed as being grossly inaccurate. Concerning this, Nelson Glueck, a world-famous Jewish archaeologist, went so far as to say that "it may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a Biblical reference."

For Acts the confirmation of historicity is overwhelming...any attempt to reject its historicity in matters of detail must now appear absurd. Roman historians have long taken it for granted.

Comment:-

There is much controversy about the Bible among scholars. The critic selects only those who agree with his pre-conceptions and interests. In fact, the books in Bible were written down long after the events they describe and the authorship is uncertain. The New Testament consists of gospels supposedly by four different people, two of whom never met Jesus and there are some contradictions between them. It also contains letters by Paul who never met Jesus. Archeological discoveries do not prove the veracity of modern interpretation of ancient ideas.

JPG:-

The Death and Resurrection of Christ.

Muslims, denying that Jesus died on the cross, hold that no resurrection occurred. They do this not on the basis of the historical evidence but because the Qur'an simply denies that Jesus was crucified.' However, once again their beliefs fly in the face of all the evidence.

Comment:-

There is no real historical evidence that Jesus, a Prophet, lived, much less that he was crucified or died on the cross. It is Islam that confirms that he lived and was a genuine Messenger of God. The Quran denies that the Jews crucified or killed Jesus. This is perfectly true. Had the Christians not selected their Gospels according to some preconceptions but included all Gospels in the New Testament then readers would have come across the Gospel of Thomas and they would have realized that they might have misunderstood as to what actually happened.

JPG:-

The following references are a listing of just some of the Old Testament prophecies concerning the sufferings of the Messiah and of their fulfillment in Jesus. We are told the Messiah would come in humility (Zech. 9:9; Matt. 21:6-9), would be sold for 30 pieces of silver (Zech. 11:12; Matt. 26:15), would suffer tremendously (lsa. 50:6; Matt. 26:67), would be pierced and scourged (Isa. 53:5; Matt. 27:26: John 19:34), would not speak in His own defense (Isa. 53:7; Matt. 27:12-14), would be slain (Isa. 53:8; Luke 23:46), would die among thieves and intercede for the transgressors (Isa. 53:12; Matt. 27:38; Luke 23:34), would be mocked (Ps. 22:7-8; Matt. 27:31, 39-40), would have his hands and feet pierced (Ps. 22:16; John 20:25-28), would have lots cast for his garments (Ps. 22:18; John 19:23-24), and would not have his bones broken (Ps. 34:20; John 19:33).

Comment:-

It is a matter of interpretation that these apply to Jesus. Do not the Jews reject this interpretation? Are they not like Christians who reject Muhammad on similar grounds?

JPG:-

In the New Testament Jesus claimed to be God (John 8:58). Those closest to Him made the same claim for Him (1 John 5:20; 2 Pet. 1:1). Jesus said that the ultimate proof validating His claims would be His resurrection from the dead (Matt 16:21; 17:9; John 2: 18-21).

If these events did not occur (Jesus' death and resurrection), one is faced with tremendously difficult questions. What accounts for the change in Peter, from being a coward who denied even knowing Jesus, into being a martyr? What accounts for the change of Saul, the greatest persecutor of the early church, into the apostle Paul, the greatest missionary of the early church (who also suffered martyrdom)? What accounted for the birth of the Christian church itself? Christianity was not spread by force. The first Christians had no worldly incentives to preach Jesus' death and resurrection. Conversely, all they could expect were revilement, persecution, and martyrdom. The only satisfactory answer that can be given to these questions is that Jesus did indeed rise from the dead, just as He promised.

"I am the resurrection and the life; he who believes in Me shall live even if He dies, and everyone who lives and believes In Me shall never die."

Comment:-

Muslims accept that Jesus was a genuine Messenger who brought the life giving word from God. But this applies to all Prophets and Messengers in their times who bring the Word of God.

"O ye who believe! Respond unto Allah and His Messenger when He calls you to that which quickens you; and know that Allah comes in between a man and his own heart; and that He it is unto Whom ye shall be gathered." 8:24

As for martyrs, Islam has had its own. How do you account for that?. There have been many people who have devoted and sacrificed their lives for all kinds of causes:- Christianity, the Church, Hinduism, Communism, Civilization, Democracy, Freedom, Capitalism, Nationalism, Patriotism, Fascism, Race, their own Family or Home etc. etc. This is because of faith or love or hope. But people believe all kinds of things. It is necessary to believe what is true and right.

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